NSSF 枪械安全十大安全守则

TFollowerII

Firearms Safety -- 10 Rules of Safe Gun Handling
英文原文：NSSF http://www.nssf.org/safety/basics/index.cfm
翻译：中山射击俱乐部       核对补缺：TFollowerII      如有疑问，以英文原文为准。

• Always Keep The Muzzle Pointed In A Safe Direction
• Firearms Should Be Unloaded When Not Actually In Use
• Don't Rely On Your Gun's "Safety"
• Be Sure Of Your Target And What's Beyond It
• Use Correct Ammunition
• If Your Gun Fails To Fire When The Trigger Is Pulled, Handle With Care!
• Always Wear Eye And Ear Protection When Shooting
• Be Sure The Barrel Is Clear Of Obstructions Before Shooting
• Don't Alter Or Modify Your Gun, And Have Guns Serviced Regularly
• Learn The Mechanical And Handling Characteristics Of The Firearm You Are Using
  

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1. Always Keep The Muzzle Pointed In A Safe Direction

Always Keep The Muzzle Pointed In A Safe Direction. This is the most basic safety rule. If everyone handled a firearm so carefully that the muzzle never pointed at something they didn't intend to shoot, there would be virtually no firearms accidents. It's as simple as that, and it's up to you.

Never point your gun at anything you do not intend to shoot. This is particularly important when loading or unloading a firearm. In the event of an accidental discharge, no injury can occur as long as the muzzle is pointing in a safe direction.

A safe direction means a direction in which a bullet cannot possibly strike anyone, taking into account possible ricochets and the fact that bullets can penetrate walls and ceilings. The safe direction may be "up" on some occasions or "down" on others, but never at anyone or anything not intended as a target. Even when "dry firing" with an unloaded gun, you should never point the gun at an unsafe target.

Make it a habit to know exactly where the muzzle of your gun is pointing at all times, and be sure that you are in control of the direction in which the muzzle is pointing, even if you fall or stumble. This is your responsibility, and only you can control it.

一、始终保持枪口指向安全的方向

始终保持枪口指向安全的方向。这是最基本的安全守则。如果每个人都能在持枪时小心保证枪口永不指向他不想射击的东西，实际上就不会有火器伤害事故了。这一条非常简单，但极其重要。

无论你的枪里有没有子弹，枪口永不指向你不想射击的东西。即便发生意外事故时，枪口指向安全的方向能避免伤害。

安全的方向是指弹头不会击中任何人的方向。在确定这一点时要考虑到跳弹（比如弹头撞击到水面，路面，石头等坚硬物体，等）、考虑到弹头可能穿透墙壁和天花板。“安全的方向”有时可能是上方，有时可能是下方，但绝对不能是朝向你不打算射击的任何人或者东西。即使你是用空枪进行练习，也不能把枪口指向不安全的方向。

应该养成一个好习惯，那就是时刻知道你的枪口指向何方，并且一定要控制住枪口的指向，即使你失去平衡甚至摔倒。这是你的责任，并且只能由你自己来完成。

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2. Firearms Should Be Unloaded When Not Actually In Use

Firearms should be loaded only when you are in the field or on the target range or shooting area, ready to shoot. When not in use, firearms and ammunition should be secured in a safe place, separate from each other. It is your responsibility to prevent children and unauthorized adults from gaining access to firearms or ammunition.

Unload your gun as soon as you are finished. A loaded gun has no place in or near a car, truck or building. Unload your gun immediately when you have finished shooting, well before you bring it into a car, camp or home.

Whenever you handle a firearm or hand it to someone, always open the action immediately, and visually check the chamber, receiver and magazine to be certain they do not contain any ammunition. Always keep actions open when not in use. Never assume a gun is unloaded, check for yourself! This is considered a mark of an experienced gun handler!

Never cross a fence, climb a tree or perform any awkward action with a loaded gun. While in the field, there will be times when common sense and the basic rules of firearms safety will require you to unload your gun for maximum safety. Never pull or push a loaded firearm toward yourself or another person. There is never any excuse to carry a loaded gun in a scabbard, a holster not being worn or a gun case. When in doubt, unload your gun!

二、枪械不用时要清膛

枪械只有在战场、场地、靶场或射击场射击时才能装弹。不准备射击时，枪械和弹药应该分开妥善存放。避免儿童或无使用资格的成人（包括有身体、心理疾患或未受过足够训练者）拿到你的枪械或弹药是你的责任。

用完你的枪械要尽快退膛。上膛的枪不能进入甚至不能靠近汽车或房子。当你结束射击或准备带枪进入汽车、露营地或回家时，一定要清膛。

当你要将枪递给别人时，一定要拉开枪机并保持开膛状态，目测保证机匣和弹匣内都不能有子弹。枪不用时要保持开膛状态（栓动式、折开式步枪和转轮枪可以，自动枪械这么做似乎不妥）。绝对不假设一支枪是空枪。你需要亲自检查过！这是一个合格枪手的标志！

绝对不能拿着上膛的枪支进行爬树、翻越篱笆等有危险的活动。当在野外或者场地上，有的时候，你的常识和枪械基本安全规则会告诉你为了最大限度保证安全，你应该清膛。在枪支的传递中，不要把上膛的枪推给别人，也不要从别人那里拿上膛的枪。放在不随身携带的枪套里的枪应该清膛。枪盒子里的枪应该清膛。如果不肯定该不该清膛，清膛！

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3. Don't Rely On Your Gun's "Safety"

Treat every gun as though it can fire at any time. The "safety" on any gun is a mechanical device which, like any such device, can become inoperable at the worst possible time. Besides, by mistake, the safety may be "off" when you think it is "on." The safety serves as a supplement to proper gun handling but cannot possibly serve as a substitute for common sense. You should never handle a gun carelessly and assume that the gun won't fire just because the "safety is on."

Never touch the trigger on a firearm until you actually intend to shoot. Keep your fingers away from the trigger while loading or unloading. Never pull the trigger on any firearm with the safety on the "safe" position or anywhere in between "safe" and "fire." It is possible that the gun can fire at any time, or even later when you release the safety, without your ever touching the trigger again.

Never place the safety in between positions, since half-safe is unsafe. Keep the safety "on" until you are absolutely ready to fire.

Regardless of the position of the safety, any blow or jar strong enough to actuate the firing mechanism of a gun can cause it to fire. This can happen even if the trigger is not touched, such as when a gun is dropped. Never rest a loaded gun against any object because there is always the possibility that it will be jarred or slide from its position and fall with sufficient force to discharge. The only time you can be absolutely certain that a gun cannot fire is when the action is open and it is completely empty. Again, never rely on your gun's safety. You and the safe gun handling procedures you have learned are your gun's primary safeties.

三、不要依赖你枪上的“保险”

应该假设每只枪都是随时能击发的，即使它们有保险装置。象很多其它机械装置一样，很多枪上的保险装置在对你不利的情况下可能失效。更何况你可能把关闭状态和打开状态搞混。保险装置只能是对安全措施的一种补充，而不能取代你的常识和判断力。绝对不能因为上好了保险就随意摆弄一支枪。

在准备射击前，绝对不能接触扳机（杜绝“金手指”！）。枪支上膛和清膛时，手指都应该离开扳机。无论枪的保险处于“安全”还是在“安全”与“开火”位置之间，都不能触动扳机。枪支有时可能误击发，比如你刚刚解脱保险但还没有接触扳机的瞬间。

绝不能把保险置于中间位置（“安全”与“开火”位置之间），“半安全”是不安全的。在确实准备射击前不要打开保险。

即使保险关闭也不能掉以轻心，因为很多时候撞击和震动也可能造成走火。这时可能你并没有接触扳机，例如当枪摔到地面时。不能把上膛的枪斜靠在任何东西上，因为枪可能被撞倒或滑倒，而摔落的力量可能造成走火。只有一种情况下你可以放心，就是你确信枪已经清膛并且枪机处于打开的状态。再说一遍，不能只依赖枪上的保险，你和你所学到的枪械安全操作知识才是你的枪的最主要的保险。

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4. Be Sure Of Your Target And What's Beyond It

No one can call a shot back. Once a gun fires, you have given up all control over where the shot will go or what it will strike. Don't shoot unless you know exactly what your shot is going to strike. Be sure that your bullet will not injure anyone or anything beyond your target. Firing at a movement or a noise without being absolutely certain of what you are shooting at constitutes disregard for the safety of others. No target is so important that you cannot take the time before you pull the trigger to be absolutely certain of your target and where your shot will stop.

Be aware that even a 22 short bullet can travel over 1¼  miles and a high velocity cartridge, such as a 30-06, can send its bullet more than 3 miles. Shotgun pellets can travel 500 yards, and shotgun slugs have a range of over half a mile.

You should keep in mind how far a bullet will travel if it misses your intended target or ricochets in another direction.

四、确认你的靶子和靶子后面的情况

没人能收回已经射出的子弹。一旦开枪，你就完全失去了对弹头的控制，无法再决定它射向哪里、将要穿透什么。在你确定目标之前，确定弹头不会伤害到任何其他人和物之前，不能开枪。除非你确定这些，否则对移动的物体开枪，或者仅凭声音开枪是置不顾他人或物品的安全而不顾。在开枪前，你要确认你的目标并且知道弹头会飞到哪里去，否则你必须等待时机。

要知道哪怕是.22短弹也能飞出1.25英里还保有一定速度，而 .30-06之类高速子弹则能将其弹头发射到3英里之外。霰弹弹丸能飞出500码，而霰弹枪的独头弹则能飞到半英里之外。

要记住弹头脱靶或向其它方向跳飞的飞行距离。

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5. Use Correct Ammunition

You must assume the serious responsibility of using only the correct ammunition for your firearm. Read and heed all warnings, including those that appear in the gun's instruction manual and on the ammunition boxes.

Using improper or incorrect ammunition can destroy a gun and cause serious personal injury. It only takes one cartridge of improper caliber or gauge to wreck your gun, and only a second to check each one as you load it. Be absolutely certain that the ammunition you are using matches the specifications that are contained within the gun's instruction manual and the manufacturer's markings on the firearm.

Firearms are designed, manufactured and proof tested to standards based upon those of factory loaded ammunition. Handloaded or reloaded ammunition deviating from pressures generated by factory loads or from component recommendations specified in reputable handloading manuals can be dangerous, and can cause severe damage to guns and serious injury to the shooter. Do not use improper reloads or ammunition made of unknown components.

Ammunition that has become very wet or has been submerged in water should be discarded in a safe manner. Do not spray oil or solvents on ammunition or place ammunition in excessively lubricated firearms. Poor ignition, unsatisfactory performance or damage to your firearm and harm to yourself or others could result from using such ammunition.

Form the habit of examining every cartridge you put into your gun. Never use damaged or substandard ammunition.  The money you save is not worth the risk of possible injury or a ruined gun.

五、使用正确的弹药

要严格保证只使用正确的弹药。要看到并留意所有的警告，包括你的枪械说明书和弹药箱上印刷的内容。

使用不合适的弹药会损坏你的枪械甚至造成严重的人身伤害。在装填时认真检查每发枪弹也不过一秒钟的时间。而哪怕只有一发枪弹口径或规格错误都会毁坏你的枪。一定要确认你所使用的弹药型号包含在枪支的说明书或枪身上由制造者做的标记中。

枪支是按正规工厂生产的枪弹标准进行设计、制造和检验的。手工枪弹和复装的枪弹，如果违背了权威的装填手册，可能给枪支和射手造成严重的伤害。不要使用不适当的重制子弹或用不明成分（例如过硬的不明金属弹头、高爆的不明成分发射药）装配的子弹。

受潮或浸过水的弹药应当以安全的方式销毁。不要在子弹上涂油，也不要用过分润滑的枪支射击，否则会造成射弹无力、射击效果差、损坏枪支甚至伤害你和你身边的人。

应该养成在装填时检查每一发枪弹的习惯。绝对不要使用损坏的或不合格的枪弹－－你省的那点钱绝对不够发生事故后治伤和修枪用的。

TFollowerII

6. If Your Gun Fails To Fire When The Trigger Is Pulled, Handle With Care!

Occasionally, a cartridge may not fire when the trigger is pulled. If this occurs, keep the muzzle pointed in a safe direction. Keep your face away from the breech. Then, carefully open the action, unload the firearm and dispose of the cartridge in a safe way.

Any time there is a cartridge in the chamber, your gun is loaded and ready to fire even if you've tried to shoot and it did not go off. It could go off at any time, so you must always remember Rule #1 and watch that muzzle!

Discharging firearms in poorly ventilated areas, cleaning firearms or handling ammunition may result in exposure to lead and other substances known to cause birth defects, reproductive harm and other serious physical injury. Have adequate ventilation at all times. Wash hands thoroughly after exposure.

六、如果你的枪在击发后没有发火，请谨慎操作！

有时，弹药会在击发后不发火(FTF)。如果发生了这种情况，要保持枪口朝向安全的方向，并使你的脸远离枪管尾端，小心地打开枪机，卸下哑弹并妥善处理。

有时也可能是子弹还在膛内，枪处于装弹待发状态－－即使你曾试图击发，但枪却没有动作，并且还随时可以击发，所以你一定要牢记第一条守则的要求，时刻注意枪口的朝向。

在不通风的环境下，射击、清理枪械、摆弄子弹（应该是指复装）可能导致铅中毒或者其他金属中毒。这些可能会导致不正常婴儿，生育疾病，和其它严重的身体伤害。永远要有好的通风环境。在接触过子弹，射击过后，仔细地洗手。

TFollowerII

7. Always Wear Eye And Ear Protection When Shooting

All shooters should wear protective shooting glasses and some form of hearing protectors while shooting. Exposure to shooting noise can damage hearing, and adequate vision protection is essential. Shooting glasses guard against twigs, falling shot, clay target chips and the rare ruptured case or firearm malfunction. Wearing eye protection when disassembling and cleaning any gun will also help prevent the possibility of springs, spring tension parts, solvents or other agents from contacting your eyes. There is a wide variety of eye and ear protectors available. No target shooter, plinker or hunter should ever be without them.
Most rules of shooting safety are intended to protect you and others around you, but this rule is for your protection alone. Furthermore, having your hearing and eyes protected will make your shooting easier and will help improve your enjoyment of the shooting sports.

七、射击时要佩戴防护眼镜和耳塞

所有射手都应该佩戴射击专用的防护眼镜和某种形式的听力保护装置。枪声中对听觉有害，而适当的视力保护也是很必要的。射击眼镜能防止小树枝、飞溅的弹丸、飞碟泥靶的碎片甚至罕见的膛炸故障等对眼睛的伤害。当你分解或擦拭枪支时，也应该戴上防护眼镜，以防止弹簧、弹性紧固件、化学溶剂等接触到眼睛造成伤害。防护眼镜和耳塞的形式多种多样，任何射手都需要它们，包括严肃的射击、娱乐射击和狩猎者。

大多数的射击安全守则既保护你也保护了你周围的人，唯独这一条是专门保护你自己的。更何况，保护你的视力和听力有助于提高你的射击技能，并且让你在射击中得到更多的乐趣（巨大的枪声和偶尔回溅的火星、烟尘确实使人不快）。

TFollowerII

8. Be Sure The Barrel Is Clear Of Obstructions Before Shooting

Before you load your firearm, open the action and be certain that no ammunition is in the chamber or magazine. Be sure the barrel is clear of any obstruction. Even a small bit of mud, snow, excess lubricating oil or grease in the bore can cause dangerously increased pressures, causing the barrel to bulge or even burst on firing, which can cause injury to the shooter and bystanders. Make it a habit to clean the bore and check for obstructions with a cleaning rod immediately before you shoot it. If the noise or recoil on firing seems weak or doesn't seem quite "right," cease firing immediately and be sure to check that no obstruction or projectile has become lodged in the barrel.

Placing a smaller gauge or caliber cartridge into a gun (such as a 20-gauge shell in a 12-gauge shotgun) can result in the smaller cartridge falling into the barrel and acting as a bore obstruction when a cartridge of proper size is fired. This can cause a burst barrel or worse. This is really a case where "haste makes waste." You can easily avoid this type of accident by paying close attention to each cartridge you insert into your firearm.

八、在使用前确认枪管内是清洁的，没有任何堵塞

在装填弹药前，拉开枪机确认弹膛和弹匣内没有子弹，然后查看一下枪管，确认其中没有任何阻塞物。即使极少量的泥沙、雪、过量的润滑油或油脂都可能导致膛内压力危险性地升高，进而造成枪管鼓胀甚至炸裂，而这会严重伤害射手和旁观的人。应该养成一个习惯，那就是在开始射击前用通条、擦枪布擦去枪内的防锈油。一旦发觉枪声或后坐力变小或不正常，必须马上停止射击，检查枪管是否有堵塞，弹头是否留膛。

如果误将小号或小口径弹药装入枪内（例如将20#霰弹装入12#霰弹枪），结果会造成小子弹滑入枪管，再装填合适的子弹射击时就会造成堵塞。这是极其危险的，将造成炸膛甚至更严重的事故，正应了那句谚语“欲速则不达”。只要在装填每发子弹时稍加注意就能避免类似的事故。

TFollowerII

9. Don't Alter Or Modify Your Gun, And Have Guns Serviced Regularly

Firearms are complicated mechanisms that are designed by experts to function properly in their original condition. Any alteration or change made to a firearm after manufacture can make the gun dangerous and will usually void any factory warranties. Do not jeopardize your safety or the safety of others by altering the trigger, safety or other mechanism of any firearm or allowing unqualified persons to repair or modify a gun. You'll usually ruin an expensive gun. Don't do it!

Your gun is a mechanical device that will not last forever and is subject to wear. As such, it requires periodic inspection, adjustment and service. Check with the manufacturer of your firearm for recommended servicing.

九、不要改造或修改你的枪，而且要给予它定期的保养

枪械是由专家针对其最初使用目的而设计的复杂机械。任何在出厂之后的修改或改造都有可能对枪造成危险，并且通常会使厂家的保证失效。为了您和他人的安全，不要调整板机而损伤枪的保险装置或其它有保险作用的装置。更不要让没有相应资格人修理或改造你的枪，这样做经常会毁坏你的好枪。切记！（这里的改造和修改是不同的概念，前者指大的修改，例如扩膛以使用更大的子弹，后者指小的修改，例如用修锉的方法减少板机与击锤的扣和量以减小板机行程，通过枪支自带的调整螺调整板机力或行程一般不在此范围内。厂家保证应该是指制造商对枪支质量、安全的商业责任，但也可以理解为为安全而采取的设计方式，例如击针有点卡涩，但这是为限制其突出量而增加了突起，如果你修锉掉该突起就可能因击针突出过大而造成底火击穿）

枪是一种机械，它是有寿命的，而且肯定会逐渐磨损。因此，它需要定期的检查、调整和维护。应该采用制造商推荐的方法进行维护。

TFollowerII

10. Learn The Mechanical And Handling Characteristics Of The Firearm You Are Using

Not all firearms are the same. The method of carrying and handling firearms varies in accordance with the mechanical characteristics of each gun. Since guns can be so different, never handle any firearm without first having thoroughly familiarized yourself with the particular type of firearm you are using, the safe gun handling rules for loading, unloading, carrying and handling that firearm, and the rules of safe gun handling in general.

For example, many handgun manufacturers recommend that their handguns always be carried with the hammer down on an empty chamber. This is particularly true for older single-action revolvers, but applies equally to some double-action revolvers or semiautomatic pistols. You should always read and refer to the instruction manual you received with your gun, or if you have misplaced the manual, simply contact the manufacturer for a free copy.

Having a gun in your possession is a full-time job. You cannot guess; you cannot forget. You must know how to use, handle and store your firearm safely. Do not use any firearm without having a complete understanding of its particular characteristics and safe use. There is no such thing as a foolproof gun.

十、 要通晓你所使用的枪械的结构和操作特点

并非所有的枪都是相同的。不同的枪械因为它们的机械结构的千差万别，所以操作和携带方式也会有区别。因此，必须在彻底熟悉枪械的结构细节和安全要求、安全操作要领并充分练习装填、清膛、携带、操作后才能使用它。

举例来说，很多手枪制造商说明他们的手枪应该放下击锤并空膛（指空出对正枪管和击锤的那个弹膛）携行。这一要求原本是针对老式单动转轮手枪的，但也同样适用于现代的双动转轮手枪和自动手枪。你应该时常仔细阅读并真正了解你的枪械的说明书，如果遗失了说明书，就应该向其制造商索取一个附本。

拥有一支枪是一件“全职”的工作。你不能猜测，不能遗忘。你必须知道如何安全地使用、操作和保存这支枪。绝不要在了解一支枪的特点和安全操作要领以前使用它。没有绝对安全的枪！（注：全职工作的说法不是说真要你花每周40小时的时间。更像是说需要你像对待你的全职工作那样严肃认真地对待）

手枪新枪手

TFollowerII 发表于 2014-4-27 10:54
2. Firearms Should Be Unloaded When Not Actually In Use

Firearms should be loaded only when you are ...

这位老大付出的力气真多！先支持！

提个小问题：下面这句，“也不难保证安全”应该是“也不易保证安全”吧？

     你应该清膛，甚至有时可能将枪装入枪套或枪盒也不难保证安全，也应该清膛。
     你应该清膛，甚至有时可能将枪装入枪套或枪盒也不易保证安全，也应该清膛。

TFollowerII

手枪新枪手 发表于 2014-4-27 17:17
这位老大付出的力气真多！先支持！

提个小问题：下面这句，“也不难保证安全”应该是“也不易保证安全” ...

支持安全用枪，这个力气值。

那一段后半部分我已经修改。请过目。

brucewayne

支持，顺便说个有关金手指的经历。

昨天给AR换扳机，装好trigger (hammer是用pin punch固定的，这是问题所在)和safety之后照惯例function test。safety on一扣扳机，hammer drop，当时一身汗……研究了一阵子发现，safety的确没有那么可靠

bigbore

brucewayne 发表于 2014-4-27 19:18
支持，顺便说个有关金手指的经历。

昨天给AR换扳机，装好trigger (hammer是用pin punch固定的，这是问题所 ...

所有枪口指向相对来说更显得重要，
保险失灵或者不碰扳机枪会响的可能还是存在的。