本帖最后由 满地找牙 于 2018-2-3 20:09 编辑
"枪械训练卫生习惯调查及讨论"
http://qiangyou.org/bbs/forum.ph ... 40142&extra=&page=1
认真读了上边的帖子和回复,觉得很有必要研究研究。找到些可靠的研究文章,希望对射击铅污染有个全面的认知和防范。
网上相关文章很多,尽量选择一些相对客观或权威的来源,抛砖引玉。
索引
1. 什么是铅污染和铅中毒
2. 铅污染的检测和诊断标准
3. 射击运动的铅污染和污染来源
4. 如何减少和防范射击相关的铅污染
正文
1. 什么是铅污染和铅中毒
铅在自然界广泛存在,但是高浓度铅全部与人类活动相关
https://www.epa.gov/lead-air-pol ... d-air-pollution#how
铅污染和中毒没有绝对界限。污染的检测主要针对大气铅污染
https://www.epa.gov/lead-air-pol ... dards-naaqs-lead-pb
On September 16, 2016, based on its review of the air quality criteria for lead (Pb), the Environmental Protection Agency issued a decision to retain the existing 2008 standards without revision. The primary and secondary Pb standards are 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter Pb in total suspended particles as a 3-month average.
铅原子是不能被人体直接吸收入血液的,这点跟所有其他金属原子一样。铅进入人体,实际是以各种盐的形式,或铅化合物形式,进入人体。
但是人类于铅相关的活动中,铅盐铅化合物,大量存在与各个提纯,加工,运输步骤中。所以几乎所有高浓度铅原子的环境里,都伴随高浓度铅离子存在。(哥们当初物理化学都不咋样,有用词不当还请多多指正
)
铅污染进入人体的形式: 呼吸道吸入,粘膜接触吸收,消化道食入
铅中毒,是个很大的话题。大家都知道,或能容易搜索到相关内容,轻度污染到严重中毒。各种症状和损害。这里略过
https://www.webmd.com/children/tc/lead-poisoning-topic-overview#1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485653/
不能过度紧张。铅中毒的条件,暴露浓度,暴露时间,暴率频率。因此血铅浓度差别可以很大。
人体内的铅,部分可以被人体缓慢排除。也有临床治疗方法除铅。具体速率不详,有兴趣可以进一步研究。不过最好是先避免铅离子进入体内
2. 铅污染和铅中毒的检测和诊断标准
儿童标准和成人标准一致
https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/
血液含铅浓度检测
5 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL)
blood lead levels ≥ 10 µg/dL should concern
≥ 50 µg/dL should be removed from polluted area
3. 射击运动的铅污染和污染来源
很多调研统计证实了靶场铅污染的存在
这里有个所谓著名案例,还没工夫细读,大家一起研究
“
Over the past decade, thousands of workers and shooters across America have been exposed to unsafe levels of lead at gun ranges, inhaling lead dust or absorbing it by contact with lead-covered surfaces, The Times has found.
Range owners who don’t properly clean or ventilate shooting ranges are the primary culprits. Sometimes, owners know about the risks, but simply ignore them. Others are ignorant of the health hazards posed by lead — a debilitating toxin that can even cause death.
”
http://projects.seattletimes.com/2014/loaded-with-lead/2/
弹头出膛,铅雾喷射污染
https://www.npr.org/sections/hea ... -silent-health-risk
弹头虽然以铅原子形态为主,但是具备转换成铅盐的简单条件
所以潮湿环境有助于增加空气中铅污染浓度,尤其在弹头集中区域
不仅仅是弹头,更主要的是含铅底火
“Most bullet projectiles are made from lead, but a large amount of lead is also present in the primer, composed of approximately 35% lead styphnate and lead peroxide (and also contains barium and antimony compounds), that ignites in a firearm barrel to provide the propulsion for the projectile. ”
我不懂复装,关于底火的问题,请复装大神们讲解。尝试猜测,底火里的铅应该是全部以铅盐的离子形态存在的。
还看到过文章介绍primer的发展历史,一下子找不到了。说是以前的底火更毒,用的是水银,因为强大毒性,最终被含铅底火取代。不含铅底火正在发展,据说是尚且无法媲美现今的含铅底火,所以仍有待发展
靶场尤其是室内靶场的铅污染问题,早有很多调研报道,也有相当多的法规出台减轻铅污染
https://www.minnpost.com/earth-j ... lood-analysis-shows
5. 如何减少和防范射击相关的铅污染
室内靶场通用注意事项
”Lead poisoning is 100% preventable“
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific ... Firing-Ranges_1.pdf
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ranges/
算啦。就这样吧。命题太大,讲不过来。算是提个头,大家自己根据自己的情况玩吧
我倒是该去查个血铅,至少有个基准基线。
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