本帖最后由 semilin 于 2019-8-30 21:35 编辑
五六式半自动步枪是中国仿照苏联SKS制造的有50年历史的经典半自动步枪。对于北美的中国人,有幸可以购买、使用和收藏五六半,是一件非常幸运的事。特别是那些来自中国大陆的枪友,他们学生时代军训打靶的用枪基本上都是五六半。如果参加了枪队的操练,那和五六半还有过不少亲密接触。十分可惜的是,对于这样一把集兵器的艺术和历史的情怀于一身的步枪,在网上却很难找到一篇中文的鉴赏文章,以至于很多收藏五六半网友只能根据有限的信息,去了解自己手里的五六半。我也刚入门不久,同样苦于这样的境地,在网上四处搜罗,不得甚解。鉴于自己才疏学浅,能力有限,也写不出什么原创的大作,就把网上流传最广,认可度最高的几篇文章精简整理,翻译过来给大家,抛砖引玉,以供入门参考。
在这里要感谢美国、加拿大的广大SKS枪友,是他们共同的努力,通过长年的收集整理,才得到的这些鉴别细节。对他们致以深深的敬意。好了,话不多说,进入正题。
(1)第一特征:序列号 序列号(Serial Nnumber, SN#)是判断年代的第一特征,最简单的列表如下: Early to mid 1956: Soviet Sino Guns, S/N 0001 to ~2000. 1956 – to at latest, April 1957: Ghost Guns, S/N ~2000 to ~213,700. Early 1957: six digit /26\ marked guns, S/N ~213,700 to at least 348,996. Late 1957: 2 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~2,350,000 to at least 2,422,810. There may be an overlap between the six-digit /26\ and these. 1958: 3 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~3,000,001 to at least 3,234,000. First observation of the stock side sling swivel. 1959: Letter Prefix /26\ marked guns, S/N prefixes A to ~K, no L yet found. First observation of large (1/4” tall x ~1/4” wide) font. 1960?: Letter Prefix /26\ marked guns, S/N prefixes ~M to Y, no Q or Z yet found. These guns could theoretically be lumped with the 1959 letters, and 1960 could have been a very light Type 56 year. There is really no hard evidence pointing one way or the other, though I would lean towards major disruptions in Chinese Type 56 production as the Sino-Soviet split was entering full swing and China could no longer rely on easily getting barreled receivers supplied from the USSR. This also can give additional meaning to the Chinese ideograph markings seen on the 1961 built carbines as they were now fully Chinese built. 1961: 6 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~6,000,001 to at least 6,015,612. First observation of the 五六式 stamp. 1962: 7 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~7,000,001 to at least 7,110,589. 1963: 8 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~8,000,001 to at least 8,129,462. 1964: 9 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~9,000,001 to at least 9,218,138. First observation of short barrel lug, first observation of spike bayonet. 1965: 10 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~10,000,001 to at least 10,294,099. Stock sling swivel relocated to bottom again. 1966: 11 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~11,000,001 to at least 11,525,570 (This S/N range seems excessively long…something is going on here we don't fully understand!). First observation of stamped trigger group, first two piece gas tube, deletion of bolt carrier and bayo lug lightening cuts. 1967: 12 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~12,000,001 to at least 12,221,006. 1968: 13 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~13,000,001 to at least 13,071,416. 1969: 14 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~14,000,001 to at least 14,242,371. 1978: 23 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~23,000,001 to at least 23,063,814. First observation of ‘French Tickler’ Bakelite style handguard 1979: 24 million /26\ marked guns, S/N ~24,000,001 to at least 24,224,003. 1984: Clayco M8 marked guns, new production (on scrubbed receivers?), S/N ~10,000 to ~11,600, no longer see the 五六式 stamp. 1988: SKS 63, accepts standard AK magazines. 1988: SKS D, new production, accepts standard AK magazines. 1988 to 1989 & 1992 to 1993: SKS Sporter, new production, accepts standard AK magazines. 1989: SKS KS-30, 16.5” barrel, accepts standard AK magazines. 1992: SKSS, new production, 16.5” barrel, short gas system. 1993: SKS 93, 16.5” barrel, accepts standard AK magazines. 1993 to 1994: SKS M, new production, accepts standard AK magazines. 1993 to 1994: SKS NR, new production, accepts standard AK magazines. 1993 to 1994: SKS MC-5D, rearsenaled, accepts standard AK magazines. 1988 – 1994: Misc guns of various styles, usually w/o an arsenal stamp and sometimes assembled from scrubbed parts, having a unique 88 thru 93 prefix to the serial number. The parts of these guns may come from any time period, but they were (re)assembled and (re)numbered exclusively for export.
一个不是很确切的补充列表: 1973: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 18,000,000’s. 1974: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 19,000,000’s. 1975: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 20,000,000’s. 1976: Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 21,000,000’s. 1977: Diamond/Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 22,000,000’s. 1978: Oval/Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 23,000,000’s. 1979: Diamond/Oval/Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 24,000,000’s. 1980: Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 25,000,00’s. 1983: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 28,000,000’s. 1984: Triangle Arsenals, No Arsenal Stamp, S/N in the 29,000,000’s.
一个不确切的进一步补充列表: 1967: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 1,200,000’s. 1968: Oval/Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 1,300,000’s. 1969: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 1,400,000’s. 1970: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 1,500,000’s. Note that there is a distinct but small (less than 20k rifles) group of /26\ rifles produced with a 1.5 million prefix. The Chinese must have known they would be tapering SKS production at /26\ in 1970 and modified the S/N accordingly. 1971: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 1,600,000’s. 1972: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 1,700,000’s. 1973: Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 1,800,000’s. 1975: Rectangle Arsenals, S/N in the 2,000,000’s. 1976: Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 2,100,000’s. 1977: Rectangle Arsenals, S/N in the 2,200,000’s. 1978: Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N in the 2,300,000’s. 1979: Rectangle Arsenals, S/N in the 2,400,000’s. 1980: Oval Arsenals, S/N in the 2,500,000’s.
一个很不确切的最后补充列表: 1970: Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N with a 70 prefix. 1971: Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N with a 71 prefix. 1972: Rectangle/Triangle Arsenals, S/N with a 72 prefix. 1973: Rectangle Arsenals, S/N with a 73 prefix. 1974: Diamond Arsenals, S/N with a 74 prefix. 1975: Rectangle Arsenals, S/N with a 75 prefix. 1976: Rectangle Arsenals, S/N with a 76 prefix.
(2)第二特征:厂标 每一个五六半的生产厂都有一系列的厂标,厂标的形状以三角形,矩形和椭圆形为主,就目前收集到的,有超过150个厂标。
三角形厂标:
矩形厂标 [0129],[0134],[0136],[0138],[0140],[0141],[0144],[0146],[0147],[0148],[0221],[0223],[0224],[0303],[0306],[6615].
椭圆厂标 (23),(874),(965),(974),(9186),(9696).
菱形厂标 <0205>,<0216>
字母数字厂标 M8, M21 No, M21 0296, 416M21, DB, DP.
- 26厂 1956-1961, 厂标在序列号右侧 eg:123456 /26\
- 26厂 1962-1970, 1979-1980, 厂标在最左侧,”五六式“字样 之前 eg: /26\ 五六式 12345678
- 其他厂 三角标基本在”五六式“左侧,矩形标可能在左侧或右侧
- 26厂, 1956-1961, 无”五六式“字样 eg: 1234567 /26\ .
- 26厂, 1962-1970 和 1979-1980, ”五六式“在三角厂标和序列号之间. eg: /26\ 五六式 12,345,678 .
- 其他厂,大多数同上,在厂标和序列号之间,偶尔无”五六式“字样 eg: /636\ 1,234,567
26厂 1971-1978 无数据
(2)其他特征:外观细节 外观细节主要用于鉴别是否有拼装的痕迹,以及印证序列号的判断。 五六半的外观细节差别一般分早期,中期,晚期三个阶段。这个分类相对粗略,因为各个厂对细节的改变不是那么统一,但可以起到一定的鉴别作用。主要有以下几点(这里是选列了不用拆解,直接可以看到的外观细节,对于内部细节,可以参考原文):
(a)枪管和机身结合处的驻退: 从左到右, 早期长驻退 (1956 - part1965). 中期短驻退 (part1965 - 1980). 后期无驻退 (70s - present).
(b)刺刀: 从上到下:刃刀,三棱刺,有快速释放的三棱刺(SKS-D/M)
(c)刺刀接头 从左到右:有减重缺口,没有减重缺口螺丝固定,无减重缺口铆钉,不完全接头(SKS-M)
(d)导气管接头 从左到右:一体化导气管接头,两截式接头 从上到下:标准长度导气管,短导气管(D/M)
(e)上护手 特别版的胶木带纹路护手
(f)标尺记号 从左到右:n,D,3
(g)后瞄水平度 上,完全水平;下,略微翘起。
(h)拉栓柄 从上到下:有减重切口,无减重切口,无弹夹卡口
(i)扳机护圈 从上到下:研磨制护圈(早中期), 冲压制护圈(中后期)
(j)枪托 从上到下:标准刺刀侧面背代扣,标准刺刀底部背代扣,红色玻璃纤维枪托,SKS-D/M枪托 - 另:SKS-D/M枪托 从上到下:枪托无刺刀切口,有三棱刀刺切口,有刀刃切口
26厂外观特征变更时间表 -枪管驻退, 长驻退:1956 - part1965, 短驻退:part1965 - 1980, 无驻退 -刺刀,刀刃式:1956 - part1965,三棱刺:part 1965-1980. -木质枪托, 刀刃式:1956 - part1965, 三棱刺: part1965 - 1978, 三棱刺可拆卸 1979-1980. -刺刀接头, 有减重切口:1956 - part1967 and 1979 - 1980, 无减重切口: part1967 - 1970. -导气管, 一体式:1956 - 1967, 两截式:1967 - 1980. -枪栓柄, 有减重切口:1956 -1967, 无减重切口: 1967 - 1980. -后背代扣位置 侧面:1956 - part1966, 底部: part1966 -1980. -上护手 木质: 1956 - 1970, 胶木: 1979 - 1980.
(3)五六式的C&R问题 网上一直有个传言,中国的SKS都不是C&R。不少人到现在还在强调这一点,至少去年(2017)本地论坛上还有人在争论这个问题。其实这个说法是不准确的。这个问题最早在06/07年开始讨论的,因为那个时候最早的五六式刚好50年,苏联和南斯拉夫的SKS已经被ATF列为C&R,但是却不见中国五六式的踪影。很多网友想知道ATF会不会把五六式也放到C&R列表里。可惜对于ATF来说,鉴定五六式的年代太难了。这是当时(2007年)一位收藏五六式的枪友联系ATF得到的回复:
从邮件的内容看,ATF的回复非常的含糊,但从字里行间,我们可以揣测出以下内容: 对于Chinese SKS是不是C&R的判断依据依然是第一条:Have been manufactured at least 50 years prior to the current date (replicas not included). 怎么判断一把Chinese SKS是否满足50年条件,ATF无法给出具体的标准,但可以咨询“one of the many U.S.firearms collectors associations”,也就是公众认可的判断标准可以作为判断依据。
是不是C&R对于普通枪友可能差别不大,但如果是持有03-FFL的枪友,则意味着可以直接网购寄到家门口,或者直接从私人手里购买(详情请咨询本地法律法规,不同州03-FFL权益和要求不一样)。
(4)关于补蓝与修漆 这个是我自己个人的一些看法,自06/07以后,五六半在13/14年有热了一波,一批经阿尔巴尼亚库存多年的五六式又再次通过几家武器进口公司进入美国市场。详细信息可以参看这个链接:
不少枪友的五六式都是在这个前后购入的,但因为不了解五六式的具体鉴别方法,加之入手品相不好,价格不高,所以都没把它当一回事,很多枪都被持有者进行了不同程度的修改,补蓝,修漆,换托,拆刺刀,甚至改可换弹匣,加手枪握把,打孔装瞄准镜。就当一坨废铁玩坏了也无所谓。有时让人看了觉得十分的可惜。(不过转念一想,五六半产量那么大,如果没有那么多被糟襟了,剩下好的没啥收藏价值)。现在随着市场流通量的减少,五六半价格越来越高,从两三百,到四五百,到六七百,特别是品相好全对号的早期版本,非常抢手。所以对五六半的修复保养也成为一个话题。
对于到手的五六半,如果出于收藏品鉴的目的,那最好是依照”修旧如旧“的原则进修修复。这大致提一下补蓝和修漆。补蓝主要用在一些过于显眼位置的露白,如果是边角正常的磨痕,建议保留。比如下面这个露白,则可以用补蓝笔涂掉: 具体使用可以参考YouTube视频:
至于修漆,大面积的重新上漆也不建议,因为那样会彻底改变了枪的历史观感。尽量保留原来的磨损,对于明显影响外观的露白,可以用修复家具的Furniture Markers 局部小范围的进行一些遮盖,以取得更好的视觉效果而有不影响本身的自然沧桑感。例如下面这个疤痕: 具体使用可以参考YouTube视频:
(5)后记
作为收藏五六半的一员,虽然水平不足,能力有限,但还是斗胆班门弄斧摘译此文,纰漏在所难免,还望大家及时指出,尽快改正,以免误导他人。只期望这篇”入门“能让更多的枪友能跨入五六半品鉴的大门。它作为中国生产的最经典的半自动步枪(应该没有之一了),五六半承载了半个世纪中国兵工发展的历史,同时也是中国生产的对外影响最大的枪支(也应该没有之一了)。能够珍藏这样一份历史,即使我们的荣幸,也是我们的使命。
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