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本帖最后由 TFollowerII 于 2014-3-13 12:51 编辑
纽约州高中生穿支持2A的T shirt被罚 一文中 @doublepar 提出“这(穿支持2A的Tshirt)是受 1A 保护的言论自由,参见 Newsom v. Albemarle County School Board 的案例”。
除此之外,1965年还有个高法的著名案例。至今仍然被法庭作为一个方法来测试学校行政是否违反学生的第一修正案权利。
1965年12月左右,15岁John F. Tinke和13岁Mary Beth Tinker,在越战期间,胳膊上佩戴这个黑色的带子抗议越战,上学。
学校当然选择立马停了Mary的课。说,no black armbands would be allowed.
因为在越南战争时期(On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war。),她的家庭甚至受到了死亡威胁、家前门被泼漆。案子持续了一段时间。4年以后,高法7:2支持那两位学生。
Four years later, in Tinker v. Des Moines School District, the Supreme Court agreed, holding that students (and teachers) have First Amendment rights at school even during wartime. Student speech is protected unless it threatens to "substantially" disrupt the educational process or violate other students' rights. Justice Fortas made clear that, far from being disruptive, Mary Beth's kind of expression-political, respectful, nonviolent-enriched the learning environment.
学校管理部门不得因为自己的好恶来禁止学生表达自己. They must reasonably forecast, based on evidence and not on an "undifferentiated fear or apprehension of disturbance," that the student expression would lead to either
- a substantial disruption of the school environment, or
- an invasion of the rights of others.
还有另外两个案例,谁给翻译介绍一下?呵呵。
http://www.firstamendmentschools ... &printer-friendly=y
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