2014 Florida Statute对用枪自卫增加了新内容,允许threatened use

pandamalone

刚查了新版州法,发现F.S. 776 JUSTIFIABLE USE OF FORCE一章里面

原来用词是use of force或use of deadly force的部分,基本上(我没全部检查,但看到的都改了)改为了use or threatened use of (deadly force)

比如关于合法自卫的核心section,FS 776的第一节:

776.012 Use or threatened use of force in defense of person.—(1) A person is justified in using or threatening to use force, except deadly force, against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend himself or herself or another against the other’s imminent use of unlawful force. A person who uses or threatens to use force in accordance with this subsection does not have a duty to retreat before using or threatening to use such force


(2) A person is justified in using or threatening to use deadly force if he or she reasonably believes that using or threatening to use such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the imminent commission of a forcible felony. A person who uses or threatens to use deadly force in accordance with this subsection does not have a duty to retreat and has the right to stand his or her ground if the person using or threatening to use the deadly force is not engaged in a criminal activity and is in a place where he or she has a right to be


上文是2014年的


对应2013年的版本是:






776.012 Use of force in defense of person.—A person is justified in using force, except deadly force, against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend himself or herself or another against the other’s imminent use of unlawful force. However, a person is justified in the use of deadly force and does not have a duty to retreat if:(1) He or she reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the imminent commission of a forcible felony; or
(2) Under those circumstances permitted pursuant to s. 776.013.


意味着用枪指着对方来实现吓止对方有了法律依据,不一定拿出来枪就要打了

另外就是在这个核心章节中,专门加入了强调no duty to retreat的条款,这个在2013年的FS 776里是在后面一个相对靠后的章节里提到的.

这个是florida一州的变化呢,还是说新的趋势?大家来说说?

TFollowerII

我还没琢磨清楚。你提到的“用枪指着对方来实现吓止对方”似乎应该说是threaten to use，而不是法案里提的threatened use。

什么是threatened use？在被威胁的情况下用枪。但是为什么要专门提这句？

pandamalone

TFollowerII 发表于 2014-8-9 18:39
我还没琢磨清楚。你提到的“用枪指着对方来实现吓止对方”似乎应该说是threaten to use，而不是法案里提的t ...

这里有一个问题

就是对threatened use of deadly force的解释,到底是被威胁下用枪,还是用枪威胁.

我google keyword "definition of "threatened use"",以及"threatened","threatened definition"

但都没找到对threatened这词单独的相关定义(有在动物濒危程度方面的定义,不相关),而都是指向threaten的定义

而threatened use,唯一一个找到相关的定义是:

http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/7102

"
In this chapter:
(1) Abuse or threatened abuse of law or legal process
The term “abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process” means the use or threatened use of a law or legal process, whether administrative, civil, or criminal, in any manner or for any purpose for which the law was not designed, in order to exert pressure on another person to cause that person to take some action or refrain from taking some action.
"
从这个解释里面来看,threatened abuse of ... 意思是威胁使用(从而令给另一方施加压力让对方进行或终止某个行为),而不是在威胁下使用.


反过来说threatened use vs threaten to use

首先这个立法用的wording, use of deadly force里use是名词,而threaten to use是一个动词性词组所以不适合与use并列,但这个还好说,毕竟还可以说the threatening to use

其次就是更重要的,如果threaten to use,那么枪完全可以不拿出来,甚至你就算身上不带枪,也可以口头threaten对方说要用枪.而如果要表达把枪拿出来,用来威胁对方停止暴力犯罪,则不够明确.

而threatened use of deadly force则可以表达这个意思,即使用致命武力,其方法为用致命武力来威胁对方,而不是施加在对方身上.

这个是我的理解,在这些思考下,我觉得threatened use of deadly force指的是用枪威胁对方,而不是在被威胁下使用.

TFollowerII

看来Threatened Use of Force Act是为了解决好人（守法公民）在生命受到威胁的情况下，开枪警告带来的法律上的尴尬。原来的情况是开枪警告至少要坐几年牢。这个由州议员Representative Neil Combee提出的法案就是为了解决这种尴尬。对于守法公民是利好。

http://famm.org/famm-applauds-go ... d-use-of-force-act/

“No one anticipated that 10-20-Life would be used to put citizens in prison for two decades because they fired a warning shot, but that’s what happened. Safety valves like the one in HB 89 go a long way to correcting negative unintended consequences of mandatory minimum laws.”

Newburn highlighted the cases of Orville Lee Wollard, Erik Weyant, Ronald Thompson, and Marissa Alexander as indicative of the need for reform. “In all of those cases, an otherwise law-abiding citizen felt threatened and responded by firing a warning shot. No one was injured in any of the cases, but each defendant was sentenced to 20 years in prison.”

pandamalone

TFollowerII 发表于 2014-8-10 04:08
看来Threatened Use of Force Act是为了解决好人（守法公民）在生命受到威胁的情况下，开枪警告带来的法律 ...

http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Se ... 48&Session=2014

找到这个法案原文了，虽然是草稿版的。里面明确提到了threaten to use：

70 Section 1. (1) The Legislature finds that persons have been
71 criminally prosecuted and have been sentenced to mandatory
72 minimum terms of imprisonment pursuant to s. 775.087, Florida
73 Statutes, for threatening to use force in a manner and under
74 circumstances that would have been justifiable under chapter
75 776, Florida Statutes, had force actually been used.
76 (2) The Legislature intends to:
77 (a) Provide criminal and civil immunity to those who
78 threaten to use force if the threat was made in a manner and
79 under circumstances that would have been immune under chapter
80 776, Florida Statutes, had force actually been used.
81 (b) Clarify that those who threaten to use force may claim
82 self-defense if the threat was made in a manner and under
83 circumstances that would have been justifiable under chapter
84 776, Florida Statutes, had force actually been used.
85 (c) Ensure that those who threaten to use force in a manner
86 and under circumstances that are justifiable under chapter 776,
87 Florida Statutes, are not sentenced to a mandatory minimum term
...

herdinor

我觉得这是个好事。

stockman

好事。从立法意图来看是保护用枪自卫的。