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Second Amendment：
Implicit in the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists were two shared assumptions. First, that the proposed new Constitution gave the federal government almost total legal authority over the army and militia. Second, that the federal government should not have any authority at all to disarm the citizenry. They disagreed only about whether an armed populace could adequately deter federal oppression.
The Second Amendment conceded nothing to the Anti-Federalists’ desire to sharply curtail the military power of the federal government, which would have required substantial changes in the original Constitution. Yet the Amendment was easily accepted because of widespread agreement that the federal government should not have the power to infringe the right of the people to keep and bear arms, any more than it should have the power to abridge the freedom of speech or prohibit the free exercise of religion.
Until recently, the judiciary treated the Second Amendment almost as a dead letter. In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), however, the Supreme Court invalidated a federal law that forbade nearly all civilians from possessing handguns in the nation’s capital. A 5–4 majority ruled that the language and history of the Second Amendment showed that it protects a private right of individuals to have arms for their own defense, not a right of the states to maintain a militia.
Two years later, in McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010), the Court struck down a similar handgun ban at the state level, again by a 5–4 vote. Four Justices relied on judicial precedents under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. Justice Thomas rejected those precedents in favor of reliance on the Privileges or Immunities Clause, but all five members of the majority concluded that the Fourteenth Amendment protects against state infringement of the same individual right that is protected from federal infringement by the Second Amendment.
精神病诊断极其主观，有没有人立法规范化？▪ Sept. 23, 2016: A “peer counselor” reports to Peterson that Cruz had possibly ingested gasoline in a suicide attempt, was cutting himself and wanted to buy a gun. A mental health counselor advises against involuntary committing Cruz. The high school says it will conduct a threat assessment.
▪ Sept. 28, 2016: An investigator for the Florida Department of Children and Families rules Cruz is stable, despite “fresh cuts” on his arms. His mother, Lynda Cruz, says in the past he wrote “hate signs” on his book bag and had recently talked of buying firearms.
两次医疗人员都判断这个人不需要强制收容治疗。Unfortunately, 中学生里面 这种 cut，talking hate 的人挺多的。标准是判断他是否有自伤和他伤的可能。但是精神科的判断就是主观判断。两个医生得出不同结论在精神科里是极其正常的事情。这个判断的 sensitivity 和 specificity 都不到 50%。更何况精神病人的状态是会变的。心理疾病和感冒发烧癌症不一样的，没有客观指标可言，都是主观判断，主要是太复杂，因素太多。一个抑郁病人往往在你以为他正在好转的时候突然恶化，崔不及防。精神病患不可能完全治愈。精神疾病有大脑器质生理化学方面的因素，也有行为习惯，思维方式，以及应激环境的因素。即使acute 症状被缓解控制，病人的神经类型是不会突然改变的。所以即使“治愈”，在一定条件下还是会复发。
Many so called “studies” have been performed and many analyses of statistical data have been undertaken regarding this issue. Studies simply involving shooting deaths are irrelevant since the goal of law enforcement is to stop a threat during a deadly force encounter as quickly as possible. Whether or not death occurs is of no consequence as long as the threat of death or serious injury to law enforcement personnel and innocent third parties is eliminated. “The concept of immediate incapacitation is the only goal of any law enforcement shooting and is the underlying rationale for decisions regarding weapons, ammunition, calibers and training.”Studies of “stopping power” are irrelevant because no one has ever been able to define how much power, force, or kinetic energy, in and of itself, is required to effectively stop a violent and determined adversary quickly, and even the largest of handgun calibers are not capable of delivering such force. Handgun stopping power is simply a myth. Studies of so?called “one shot stops” being used as a tool to define the effectiveness of one handgun cartridge, as opposed to another, are irrelevant due to the inability to account for psychological influences and due to the lack of reporting specific shot placement.Shots to the Central Nervous System (CNS) at the level of the cervical spine (neck) or above, are the only means to reliably cause immediate incapacitation. In this case, any of the calibers commonly used in law enforcement, regardless of expansion, would suffice for obvious reasons. Other than shots to the CNS, the most reliable means for affecting rapid incapacitation is by placing shots to large vital organs thus causing rapid blood loss. Simply stated, shot placement is the most critical component to achieving either method of incapacitation.Shot placement is paramount and law enforcement officers on average strike an adversary with only 20 – 30 percent of the shots fired during a shooting incident. Given the reality that shot placement is paramount (and difficult to achieve given the myriad of variables present in a deadly force encounter) in obtaining effective incapacitation, the caliber used must maximize the likelihood of hitting vital organs. Typical law enforcement shootings result in only one or two solid torso hits on the adversary. This requires that any projectile which strikes the torso has as high a probability as possible of penetrating deeply enough to disrupt a vital organ. The Ballistic Research Facility has conducted a test which compares similar sized Glock pistols in both .40 S&W and 9mm calibers, to determine if more accurate and faster hits are achievable with one versus the other. To date, the majority of the study participants have shot more quickly and more accurately with 9mm caliber Glock pistols. The 9mm provides struggling shooters the best chance of success while improving the speed and accuracy of the most skilled shooters.
94 AWB 前中后十年mass shooting次数
19890117 | Stockton schoolyard shooting | 6 | 19911101 | University of Iowa shooting | 6 | 19920501 | Lindhurst High School shooting | 3 | 19960202 | Frontier Middle School shooting | 3 | 19960815 | San Diego State University shooting | 3 | 19971201 | Heath High School shooting | 3 | 19980324 | Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden | 5 | 19980521 | Thurston High School shooting | 4 | 19990420 | Columbine High School massacre | 15 | 20020116 | Appalachian School of Law shooting | 3 | 20050321 | Red Lake shootings | 10 | 20061002 | West Nickel Mines School shooting | 6 | 20070406 | Virginia Tech massacre | 33 | 20080214 | Northern Illinois University shooting | 6 | 20100212 | University of Alabama in Huntsville shooting | 3 | 20120227 | Chardon High School shooting | 3 | 20120402 | Oikos University shooting | 7 | 20121214 | Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings | 28 | 20130115 | | 3 | 20130707 | Santa Monica shooting | 6 | 20141024 | Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting | 5 |
保安警察不管用，GFZ一张纸管用？
反暴政看Bundy standoff
提升年龄到21岁只能理论上防止历史上6次mass shooting。
reciprocity act跟背景调查有关系？
如果按照威力级别限制 那步枪都要被禁 打猎也不要想了。
According to the FBI, in 2014, there were 8,124 total firearm-related homicides in the US, with 5,562 of those attributed to handguns. The FBI breaks down the gun-related homicides in 2010 by weapon: 6,009 involved a handgun, 358 involved a rifle, and 1,939 involved an unspecified type of firearm. In 2005, 75% of the 10,100 homicides committed using firearms in the U.S. were committed using handguns, compared to 4% with rifles, 5% with shotguns, and the rest with unspecified firearms.The rising trend in homicide rates during the 1980s and early 1990s was most pronounced among lower income and especially unemployed males. Youths and Hispanic and African American males in the U.S. were the most represented, with the injury and death rates tripling for black males aged 13 through 17 and doubling for black males aged 18 through 24. The rise in crack cocaine use in cities across the U.S. is often cited as a factor for increased gun violence among youths during this time period.According to FBI statistics, the highest per capita rates of gun-related homicides in 2005 were in Washington, D.C. (35.4/100,000), Puerto Rico (19.6/100,000), Louisiana (9.9/100,000), and Maryland (9.9/100,000). In 2017, according to the Associated Press, Baltimore broke a record for homicides.
吸毒、贫困、失业这些也都没法控制？这些造成自杀是他杀两倍，黑人男性被枪杀是白人男性9倍的原因，我们都束手无策？然后我们把最最最重要的因素归结为占他杀4%不到的一种枪上？
说不需要AR不需要大弹匣的：高速限速最高也就80mph吧，为什么现在车都能开到200mph？你需要500马力的车吗？你需要百公里加速4秒吗？
Flu kills between 12,000 and 59,000 people every year in the U.S.
控枪如此严格地区每年发生3000余起枪击案，死亡超过500人，甚至芝加哥这一个地区带动了全美gun homicide rate。Chicago also has stark murder inequality — meaning that a disproportionate share of the violence affects a handful of neighborhoods. Those neighborhoods, according to The Marshall Project, are patrolled by some of the city’s least experienced cops.为什么就这些社区枪击案高发？他们美国拥枪率最高的社区？AR15拥有率最高的社区？弹匣容量最大的社区？从1966年以来 一共1077人死于mass shooting，其中176名青少年和儿童。如果一年死去的2000多孩子不能引起52年来死去的176个孩子同样的重视，那我只能说这是biased。
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-017-9313-3
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发表于 2018-2-25 13:09
发表于 2018-2-25 15:33
我个人认为家防最好的选择就是9mm SBR
楼主
